-Ashura - The day in Iran, when Shia Muslims shed blood for Imam Hussain-

Muharram in Iran is recognized as one of the holiest months in the Islamic calendar, highlighting significant distinctions between Shia and Sunni Muslims. The importance of this period in Shia Muslim countries like Iran stems from the mourning for Hussain ibn Ali, known as Imam Hussain, a deeply revered figure among Shia Muslims.

Imam Hussain is celebrated for his courageous stand against Yazid, the ruling caliph of the Muslim lands at the time. Hussain, alongside his family and 72 followers, faced extreme deprivation and hardship. They were denied water for over three days and ultimately were either killed or captured by Yazid’s forces at the Battle of Karbala.

This period of mourning, especially poignant in Iran, underscores the values of sacrifice, resistance, and unwavering faith that Imam Hussain represents.

Mourning ceremonies for Imam Hussain in Iran

In Iran, extensive mourning ceremonies for Imam Hussain are held during the months of Muharram (June 27th – July 25th, 2025) and Safar (July 27th – August 25th, 2025). The most significant events occur in the first ten days of Muharram, particularly on Tasu’a and Ashura, the 9th and 10th day, this year on the 5th and 6th of july.

These ceremonies are tailored to fit the cultural practices and traditions of various regions across Iran. As a result, diverse forms of Muharram mourning can be observed in different villages and cities. In this article, we will explore some of these unique regional customs.

ASHURA - Shiite Muslim blood for Imam Hussain

Local Muharram Traditions in Iran

Sine Zani andZanjir Zani: Common mourning traditions

Black attire, symbolizing death, is worn throughout the day and month during Muharram. One of the most prevalent mourning practices is Sine Zani, or chest beating. Participants rhythmically and synchronously beat their chests with their palms, accompanied by percussion drums and vocal chants, akin to the Christian Gospel tradition.

Another form of mourning, Zanjir Zani, involves using a lashing tool with short metallic chains attached to a wooden handle. This practice, inflicting more physical pain, is a way for mourners to feel a deeper connection to Imam Hussain.

Nakhl Gardani: A unique Muharram tradition

Yazd’s Muharram ceremonies are renowned for the tradition of Nakhl Gardani. On Ashura, the 10th day of Muharram, a large wooden structure called Nakhl is carried around, symbolizing the coffin of Imam Hussain. This Nakhl is elaborately decorated with fabrics, mirrors, swords, flags, and other religious symbols.

The famous Nakhl in Amir-Chakhmaq Square in Yazd requires the support of hundreds of men to carry it.

After the ceremony, the decorations are removed, and the wooden base is stored in its designated spot until the next year.

While Yazd is well-known for Nakhl Gardani, this tradition is also observed in other desert cities and villages across Iran.

Gel Māli: A unique Muharram tradition in Luristan

In Luristan province, the Muharram tradition of Gel Māli is widely practiced. Three days before Ashura, pools of mud are prepared, and men cover their heads and shoulders with it. This act symbolizes mourning and great disaster, similar to the customs observed when loved ones pass away.

Some participants cover their entire bodies with mud, leading to the term “drop-in mud.” The mud remains on their bodies until the afternoon of Ashura.

Mash’al Gardāni: A torch-bearing tradition

Mash’al Gardāni, the act of turning a torch in a circular pattern, is a ritual commonly observed among Arab ethnic groups and in cities like Qom, Shahr-e Rey, and Ardakan.

On the first day of Muharram, torches are ignited and carried by groups of mourners to signify the start of the month. This ritual is repeated on the 8th night of Muharram to mark the approaching day of Ashura, when Imam Hussain was martyred. During Mash’al Gardāni, groups of people rotate the torches while moving through neighborhoods, accompanied by religious music.

Religious practices of Muharram in Iran

During Muharram, Muslims in Iran engage in various religious acts with profound intentions. Wearing black clothes, they participate in mourning ceremonies to express their sorrow for Hussein ibn Ali and abstain from joyous events. The commemoration of the tragic massacre at Karbala begins on the first day of Muharram and lasts for 40 days.

The first ten days are particularly significant, with millions of Shia and Sunni Muslims remembering the events at Karbala and trying to empathize with Hussein’s suffering. A key aspect of these observances is the reading of “Ziyarat Ashura,” a devotional text dedicated to Hussein ibn Ali. It is especially popular to recite this text and send salutations to Imam Hussein on the Day of Ashura.

These Muharram observances are carried out annually in countries with significant Shia populations, reflecting the deep reverence for Imam Hussein’s sacrifice.

Ashura and Tasoua: Muharram in Iran

Ashura, the 10th day of Muharram, marks the martyrdom of Imam Hussain in 680 A.D. This day is considered the most tragic for all Muslims and is a national holiday in Iran, commemorating Imam Hussain’s sacrifice.

Tasoua, the 9th day of Muharram, is dedicated to Hazrat-e Abolfazl, the brother of Imam Hussain. He was killed while attempting to fetch water for his family and soldiers on this day. Both Ashura and Tasoua hold deep significance in Iran, highlighting the heroism and tragedy of these historical figures.

What is Ta’zieh? (Muharram rituals in Iran)

Ta’zieh is a form of condolence theater where the epic stories of Ashura are narrated through music and dramatic performances. This theatrical tradition unfolds throughout the month of Muharram, vividly portraying the events of Ashura.

Originally staged in public spaces, Ta’zieh plays a crucial role in commemorating the sacrifices and struggles of Imam Hussain and his companions.

Nazri: Food offerings in Muharram in Iran

Nazri, a tradition in Islam akin to votive offerings in other Abrahamic religions, is a way to show reverence for holy symbols. In Islam, Nazri, also known as Nazr, can take various forms. It may involve donating an object to a mosque or directly to those in need.

Alternatively, Nazri can be a service rendered, such as volunteering at retirement homes or hospitals. However, the most cherished form of Nazri involves offering food, a gesture of generosity and solidarity within the community.

Free food in Muharram

During Muharram, Iranians prepare Nazri food in remembrance of Imam Husain. Throughout this month, especially during the first 10 days, neighborhoods are filled with large pots of aromatic Nazri dishes.

People eagerly wait in long lines to partake in Nazri, believing its flavor is enhanced by generous use of saffron and fresh lamb from animal votive offerings.

Khoresht Gheymeh, a dish featuring chopped lamb, tomatoes, and split peas served with rice, is among the most popular Nazri offerings in Iran. This dish is celebrated for its simplicity and efficient use of every part of the lamb, ensuring nothing goes to waste.

Other beloved Nazri dishes include Adas Polo, a rice dish with lentils and raisins, and Ghormeh Sabzi, a stew of chopped lamb, vegetables, and dried lime. For dessert, some prepare Sholeh Zard, a golden pudding made from broken rice, saffron, and cinnamon, offering a sweet conclusion to the meal.

Mourning ceremony in Iran (Daste Azadari)

The Mourning Ceremony, known as Daste Azadari in Iran, brings together groups of people, predominantly men, to grieve the death of Husayn Ibn Ali.

During Daste Azadari, participants use symbolic tools such as the Allam or Jaride, tall metal structures adorned with colorful cloth, reaching heights of 5-6 meters. Another tool, the Zanjir or chain, is employed by men for self-flagellation and mourning during Muharram in Iran.

Musical accompaniment, including mournful dirges played on instruments like the Daf and Sanj (later replaced by drums), adds to the atmosphere of solemnity and reflection.

Iranians observe these mourning ceremonies as a tribute to Imam Husayn’s sacrifice for his family and religion, expressing deep sorrow and reverence.